Humans Body Parts Informations

Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints and mainly affects the hands feet and wrists.People suffering with rheumatoid arthritis often experience periods where the symptoms are worse. These can be difficult to predict but there is treatment available which can ease pain and prevent long-term damage to the joints. Some people with rheumatoid arthritis also experience problems in other parts of the body, or more general symptoms such as tiredness and weight loss. New research led by Sarah Skeoch and Professor Ian Bruce at the Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology at the University of Manchester, looked at the link between chronic inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk. Related articles Statins NEWS: Keep taking ‘life saving’ drugs to prevent heart attack Gum disease symptoms: Nine things YOU didn’t know about the condition Rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: The condition could be linked to a heart condition atheroscl

The superior border is thin, bevelled at the expense of the internal surface, so as .to overlap the lower border of the parietal bone, forming the squam­ous suture. The position and size of this foramen are very variable. It is not always present; sometimes it is situated in the occipital bone or in the suture between the temporal and the occipital. The mastoid portion is continued below into a conical projection, the mastoid process, the size and form of which vary somewhat. This process serves for the attachment of the Sterno-mastoid, ~Jllenius capitis, and 'rl'achelo-mastoid muscles. On the inner side of the mastoid process is a deep groove, the digastric fossa, for the attachment of the Diga"tric muscle; and, running parallel with it, but more in­ternal, the occipital gronee. which lodges the occipital artery.

External to the stylo-mastoid foramen is the auricular fissure, for the auricular branch of the pneumogastric, bounded behind by the mastoid process. Upon the inner side of the mastoid proc­ess is a deep groove, the digastric fossa; and a little more internally the occipital groove, for the occipital artery. At the base of the internal pterygoid plate is a large and somewhat triangular aperture, the foramen lacerum medium, bounded in front by the great wing of the sphenoid, behind by the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and internally by the body of the sphenoid and basilar proc­ess of the occipital bone: it presents in front the posterior orifice of the Vidian canal; behind, the aperture of the carotid canal. The basilar surface of this open­ing is filled in the recent state by fibro-cartilaginous substance f across its upper or cerebral aspect passes the internal carotid artery. External to this aperture the petro-sphenoidal suture is observed, at the outer termin

The ribs which require especial consideration are five in number-viz. the first, second, tenth, eleventh and twelfth. The first rib is one of the shortest and the most curved of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward. The head is of small size, rounded, and presents only a single articular facet for articulation with the body of the first dorsal vertebra. The neck is narrow and rounded. The tuberosity, thick and prominent, rests on the outer border. There is no angle, but in this situation the rib is slightly bent, with the convexity of the bend upward, so that the head of the bone is directed downward. The upper surface of the shaft is marked by two shallow depressions, separated by a small rough surface for the attachment of the Scalenus anticus muscle-the groove in front of it transmitting the subclavian vein, that behind it the subclavian artery. Between the groove for the subclavian artery and the tuberosi

The arm is that portion of the upper extremity which is situated between the shoulder and the elbow. Its skeleton consists of a single bone, the humerus. The HUMERUS The Humerus is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity; it presents for examination a shaft and two extremities. The Upper Extremity presents a large, rounded head, joined to the shaft by a constricted   portion, called the neck, and two other eminences, the greater and lesser tuberosities. The head, nearly hemispherical in form/ is' directed upward, inward, and alittle backward, and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula; its surface is smooth and coated with cartilage in the recent state. The circumference of its articular surface is slightly constricted, and is termed the anatomical neck, in con­tradistinction to the constriction which exists below the tuberosities. The latter is called the surgical neck, from its often being the seat of fracture.

The Ulna so called from its forming the elbow is a long bone, prismatic in form, placed at the inner side of the forearm, parallel with the radius. It is the larger and longer of the two bones. Its upper extremity, of great thickness and strength, forms a large part of the articulation of the elbow­joint; it diminishes in size from above downward, its lower extremity being very small, and excluded from the wrist-joint by the interposition of an interarticular fibro-cartilage. It is divisible into a shaft and two extremities. The Upper Extremity, the strongest part of the bone, presents for examination two large, curved processes, the Olecranon process and the Ooronoid process; and two concave, articular cavities, the greater and lesser sigmoid cavities. The Olecranon Process is a large, thick, curved eminence situated at the upper and back part of the ulna. It is curved forward at the summit so as to present a prominent tip which is received into the olecranon fossa in exte